Too many details left out.

How much coolant was in the radiator?
Was the fan spinning properly (fast)?

It sounds to me like your coolant level is most likely low. Or less likely your fan clutch failed.

Low coolant could be caused by many different issues.

Radiator could be clogged. Should be able to drain till you can see the tops of the channels in the cap.

In the future if your rig runs hot and you need to limp home. Turn the AC off, turn both the front and rear heat on high, roll the windows down if needed, put the tranny in D, turn overdrive off. The idea is to maximize cooling capacity and to reduce heating capacity to help the rig get you home.

And don’t try to overheat your rig. That’s not a good testing method.