Yes it will. You are recirculating contaminants and other particles that the oil filter picks up. When your filter clogs it gets bypassed therefore it is essentially like not having an oil filter at all.
Changing an oil filter regularly is such a no-brainer that anyone who advises against it is either a troll, or has absolutely no understanding of how an internal combustion engine works. It is important to have clean air and fuel coming in for the combustion process, clean oil to lubricate the moving parts, and clean coolant to keep the engine temps down and your cooling system in proper working order.
You are not gong to make this guy understand that he is being ignorant, in his mind, all the garbage that finds its way into your engine (that the filter catches as proven by the pictures above) is of no consequence to your valves, valve guides, oil pickup, oil returns, cam, or crank....
he is like the kid in class that got a question wrong on the test and swears everyone else in class is wrong and only he is right.
OP... Someone lied to you, they told you you don't need a filter, perhaps your grandfather, or father, but in the end, the filter is insurance to help insure your engine stays as trouble free for as long as possible. If you are okay knowing the filter looks like a wet dog turd and you have more particulates floating in your oil than anyone else...fine. It will cost you in the end, and since you have no way to quantify if what you are doing is helping or hurting because your sample is a single biased opinion based on a vehicle (or two) that has not been torn down and inspected compered to a filtered engine, you have no valid leg to stand on, you are simply stirring the pot.....that my friend is called trolling.
do us all a favor and remove your fuel and air filter also, then report back to us when with real data and photos of your finding on the "filtering scam".