I don't know dude. You might very well regret deciding to leave it in there and let the gears chew it up. The transfer case isn't just a box with big gears turning. There's parts that need to slide freely like the shifter linkage inside the transfer case and I wouldn't want to bet any fragments of the plastic cap aren't going to wedge into a spot that will cause problems.
Honestly, if this happened to me and I couldn't fish it out, I'd do what [MENTION=111373]pavelvoivoda[/MENTION] said and pull the transfer case out and dump it on it's side to get that freaking cap out. Maybe I'm wrong and it's not a big issue but I wouldn't risk it. Pulling the transfer case is pretty easy. Disconnect the driveshafts, disconnect all the electrical connections, get the rear cross member out of your way, unbolt it from the trans and that baby is out.