4Runner4Leon
Senior Member
The checks and balances is the O2 sensor before the CAT. (The closed loop operation)
All the sensors (including TPS) input their data to the PCM/ECU. Based on those inputs the ECU picks a fuel map for those operating conditions. And in a perfect world you would have a 0 in the STFT and a 0 in the LTFT.
But the world isn't perfect so the O2 sensor reads the oxygen content of the exhaust and tweaks the fuel trims. That tweaking of the fuel trim shows up on your STFT (short term fuel trim) and LTFT (long term fuel trim). And it actually looks like this trim wise. LTFT.STFT so if your LTFT is near zero than its picked the proper map based on current inputs. The LTFT number tells you the overall health of the engine and fuel management system.
So if any sensor is off the O2 sensor will detect the richer or leaner mixture and act accordingly by adding or removing fuel. One check I do often is look at the ECT and IAT temp and make sure they are very close to each other as well as reading current ambient temp before a cold start where the vehicle has sat at least 8 hours.
I also thought of the O2 sensor as performing the checks and balances on all the other sensors, to close the loop. So that should compensate for any of the other upstream sensors and actuators being out of whack.
I guess the underlying assumption in this is that the O2 sensor itself is working properly, and if it's not, then the ECU will throw a code (?).
I'm also curious about the comparison between ECT, IAT, and ambient temps that you do - do you ever see a significant discrepancy, and if so, what then?